2.4 GHz Rectifier Antenna for Radiofrequency-based Wireless Power Transfer: Recent Developments, Opportunities, and Challenges
Muhammad Miftahul Amri (1*), Liya Yusrina Sabila (2) (1) Electrical Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan - Indonesia - [ https://ee.uad.ac.id/profil/dosen ]
(2) Electrical Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan - Indonesia - [ https://ee.uad.ac.id/profil/dosen ]
(*) Corresponding Author
Received: March 04, 2023; Revised: April 12, 2023
Accepted: May 10, 2023; Published: August 31, 2023
Abstract
The use of radio frequency (RF) energy for wireless power transfer (WPT) has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential for powering electronic devices without the need for wires or batteries. A key component of RF-based WPT systems is the rectenna, which converts RF energy into usable DC power. This article provides an overview of recent developments, opportunities, and challenges in the design of 2.4 GHz rectennas for RF-based WPT applications. We have searched major online libraries extensively for studies regarding the 2.4 GHz rectenna. As a result, 35 high-quality studies published between 2010 and 2023 were gathered. In the discussion section, we begin by presenting the basic principles of rectenna design and the key parameters that affect its performance, such as the antenna characteristics, rectifier capabilities, and nonlinearity properties of the rectifier. We then highlighted recent advancements in rectenna design, including novel approaches for improving efficiency and power transfer capability, such as the involvement of hybrid solar cell-rectenna structures, transistor-based rectifiers, and bridge rectifiers. Finally, the article concludes by identifying future opportunities, research directions, and open challenges in the design and optimization of rectennas for RF-based WPT, including the development of compact, low-cost, and high-performance rectennas for a wide range of applications. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of 2.4 GHz rectenna design for RF-based WPT and highlights the exciting opportunities and challenges for this rapidly growing field.
http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/jet.541 Keywords
References
M. Centenaro, C. E. Costa, F. Granelli, C. Sacchi, and L. Vangelista, "A survey on technologies, standards and open challenges in satellite IoT," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1693–1720, 2021.
M. Molefi, E. D. Markus, and A. Abu-Mahfouz, "Wireless power transfer for IoT devices-a review," in 2019 International multidisciplinary information technology and engineering conference (IMITEC), 2019, pp. 1–8.
A. A. Aziz et al., "Battery-less location tracking for Internet of Things: Simultaneous wireless power transfer and positioning," IEEE Internet Things J, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 9147–9164, 2019.
R. S. Lakshmi, "RF energy harvesting for wireless devices," International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 39–52, 2015.
B. Regensburger, S. Sinha, A. Kumar, J. Vance, Z. Popovic, and K. K. Afridi, "Kilowatt-scale large air-gap multi-modular capacitive wireless power transfer system for electric vehicle charging," in 2018 IEEE applied power electronics conference and exposition (APEC), 2018, pp. 666–671.
Y. Akuzawa, Y. Ito, T. Ezoe, and K. Sakai, "A 99%‐efficiency GaN converter for 6.78 MHz magnetic resonant wireless power transfer system," The Journal of Engineering, vol. 2014, no. 10, pp. 598–600, 2014.
R. J. Calder, S.-H. Lee, and R. D. Lorenz, "Efficient, MHz frequency, resonant converter for sub-meter (30 cm) distance wireless power transfer," in 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 2013, pp. 1917–1924.
M. Zhou, F. Liu, S. Li, and X. Chen, "A 1-kW and 100-cm Distance Magnetically Coupled Resonant WPT System Achieving 80% Efficiency," IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 4001–4013, 2022.
S.-H. Lee, J.-H. Lee, and K.-P. Yi, "A new design methodology for a 1 meter distance, 6.78 MHz wireless power supply system for telemetries," in 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2016, pp. 1–7.
B. Clerckx, R. Zhang, R. Schober, D. W. K. Ng, D. I. Kim, and H. V. Poor, "Fundamentals of wireless information and power transfer: From RF energy harvester models to signal and system designs," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 4–33, 2018.
M. T. Nguyen et al., "Electromagnetic field based wpt technologies for uavs: A comprehensive survey," Electronics (Basel), vol. 9, no. 3, p. 461, 2020.
F. H. Sumi, L. Dutta, and F. Sarker, "Future with wireless power transfer technology," J. Electr. Electron. Syst, vol. 7, no. 1000279, pp. 2332–2796, 2018.
J. H. Park, N. M. Tran, S. il Hwang, D. I. Kim, and K. W. Choi, "Design and implementation of 5.8 GHz RF wireless power transfer system," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 168520–168534, 2021.
V. Talla, B. Kellogg, B. Ransford, S. Naderiparizi, S. Gollakota, and J. R. Smith, "Powering the next billion devices with WiFi," in Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, 2015, pp. 1–13.
B. L. Pham and A.-V. Pham, "Triple bands antenna and high efficiency rectifier design for RF energy harvesting at 900, 1900 and 2400 MHz," in 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT), 2013, pp. 1–3.
K. Pookkapund, K. Boonying, S. Dentri, and C. Phongcharoenpanich, "Planar array antenna for WPT system at 2.4 GHz," in 2014 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Conference Proceedings, 2014, pp. 541–542.
N. M. Tran, M. M. Amri, J. H. Park, D. I. Kim, and K. W. Choi, "Reconfigurable-Intelligent-Surface-Aided Wireless Power Transfer Systems: Analysis and Implementation," IEEE Internet Things J, vol. 9, no. 21, pp. 21338–21356, 2022.
O. Georgiou, K. Mimis, D. Halls, W. H. Thompson, and D. Gibbins, "How many WiFi aps does it take to light a lightbulb?," IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 3732–3746, 2016.
P. Woznowski et al., "A multi-modal sensor infrastructure for healthcare in a residential environment," in 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communication Workshop (ICCW), 2015, pp. 271–277.
S. Naderiparizi, A. N. Parks, Z. Kapetanovic, B. Ransford, and J. R. Smith, "WISPCam: A battery-free RFID camera," in 2015 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID), 2015, pp. 166–173.
C. Phongcharoenpanich and K. Boonying, "A 2.4‐GH z dual polarized suspended square plate rectenna with inserted annular rectangular ring slot," International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer‐Aided Engineering, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 164–173, 2016.
H. Takhedmit, L. Cirio, F. Costa, and O. Picon, "Transparent rectenna and rectenna array for RF energy harvesting at 2.45 GHz," in The 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2014), 2014, pp. 2970–2972.
H. Takhedmit, L. Cirio, S. Bellal, D. Delcroix, and O. Picon, "Compact and efficient 2.45 GHz circularly polarised shorted ring-slot rectenna," Electron Lett, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 253–254, 2012.
S. V. Kumar, P. Patel, A. Mittal, and A. De, "Design, analysis and fabrication of rectenna for wireless power transmission-Virtual battery," in 2012 National Conference on Communications (NCC), 2012, pp. 1–4.
M.-J. Nie, X.-X. Yang, G.-N. Tan, and B. Han, "A compact 2.45-GHz broadband rectenna using grounded coplanar waveguide," IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett, vol. 14, pp. 986–989, 2015.
J.-H. Chou, D.-B. Lin, K.-L. Weng, and H.-J. Li, "Novel T-shape slot couple feed dual circular polarized rectenna," in 2012 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), 2012, pp. 178–181.
M. A. Sennouni, J. Zbitou, B. Abboud, A. Tribak, and M. Latrach, "Efficient rectenna design incorporating new circularly polarized antenna array for wireless power transmission at 2.45 GHz," in 2014 International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC), 2014, pp. 577–581.
Y. Huang, N. Shinohara, and H. Toromura, "A wideband rectenna for 2.4 GHz-band RF energy harvesting," in 2016 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), 2016, pp. 1–3.
O. Kazanc, F. Mazzilli, N. Joehl, F. Maloberti, and C. Dehollain, "Miniaturized antenna and integrated rectifier design for remote powering of wireless sensor systems," in 2012 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS), 2012, pp. 41–44.
A. Georgiadis, G. V. Andia, and A. Collado, "Rectenna design and optimization using reciprocity theory and harmonic balance analysis for electromagnetic (EM) energy harvesting," IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett, vol. 9, pp. 444–446, 2010.
H. Sun and W. Geyi, "A New Rectenna With All-Polarization-Receiving Capability for Wireless Power Transmission," IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett, vol. 15, pp. 814–817, 2016, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2015.2476345. Crossref
U. Olgun, C.-C. Chen, and J. L. Volakis, "Investigation of rectenna array configurations for enhanced RF power harvesting," IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett, vol. 10, pp. 262–265, 2011.
V. Marian, B. Allard, C. Vollaire, and J. Verdier, "Strategy for Microwave Energy Harvesting From Ambient Field or a Feeding Source," IEEE Trans Power Electron, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4481–4491, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2185249. Crossref
S. S. Ojha, P. K. Singhal, A. Agarwal, and A. K. Gupta, "2-GHz dual diode dipole rectenna for wireless power transmission," Int J Microw Opt Technol, vol. 8, no. 2, 2013.
E. V. V. Cambero, H. P. da Paz, V. S. da Silva, H. X. de Araujo, I. R. S. Casella, and C. E. Capovilla, "A 2.4 GHz rectenna based on a solar cell antenna array," IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2716–2720, 2019.
H. Takhedmit et al., "A 2.45-GHz low cost and efficient rectenna," in Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 2010, pp. 1–5.
A. T. Athira, S. Shoukath, and S. K. Mohammad, "Design of a compact voltage-doubler-type rectenna," in IOSR journal of electronics and communication engineering (IOSR-JECE), the national symposium on antenna signal processing & interdisciplinary research in electronics, 2017.
I. Ramos and Z. Popović, "A compact 2.45 GHz, low power wireless energy harvester with a reflector-backed folded dipole rectenna," in 2015 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), 2015, pp. 1–3.
A. Mugitani, A. Hirono, N. Sakai, and K. Itoh, "High efficient 2.4 GHz band rectenna with the harmonic reaction FDA," in 2020 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), 2020, pp. 191–193.
Y. Cao, W. Hong, L. Deng, S. Li, and L. Yin, "A 2.4 GHz circular polarization rectenna with harmonic suppression for microwave power transmission," in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), 2016, pp. 359–363.
H. Sun, "An enhanced rectenna using differentially-fed rectifier for wireless power transmission," IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett, vol. 15, pp. 32–35, 2015.
Y. Huang, N. Shinohara, and T. Mitani, "A study on low power rectenna using DC-DC converter to track maximum power point," in 2013 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings (APMC), 2013, pp. 83–85.
H. Takhedmit et al., "Efficient 2.45 GHz rectenna design including harmonic rejecting rectifier device," Electron Lett, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 811–812, 2010.
E. Falkenstein, M. Roberg, and Z. Popovic, "Low-power wireless power delivery," IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 2277–2286, 2012.
D. D. Patil, K. S. Subramanian, and N. C. Pradhan, "3D-printed Dual-Band Rectenna System for Green IoT Application," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2023.
J.-H. Chou, D.-B. Lin, K.-L. Weng, and H.-J. Li, "All polarization receiving rectenna with harmonic rejection property for wireless power transmission," IEEE Trans Antennas Propag, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 5242–5249, 2014.
J. Zhang and Y. Huang, "Rectennas for Wireless Energy Harvesting," Dissertation. University of Liverpool, 2013.
G. A. Vera, A. Georgiadis, A. Collado, and S. Via, "Design of a 2.45 GHz rectenna for electromagnetic (EM) energy scavenging," in 2010 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), 2010, pp. 61–64. doi: 10.1109/RWS.2010.5434266. Crossref
S. Ji, H. Qi, and H. Zhang, "Rectenna Serves 2.45 GHz," Wireless Power Transmission. Microw. RF, vol. 2014, pp. 102–105.
Y. Huang, N. Shinohara, and T. Mitani, "A study on low power rectenna using DC-DC converter to track maximum power point," in 2013 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings (APMC), 2013, pp. 83–85.
H. C. Doan and G. D. Bach, "Design, simulation and fabrication of rectenna circuit at S-band for microwave power transmission," VNU Journal of Science: Mathematics-Physics, vol. 30, no. 3, 2014.
J. Zhang, Z. P. Wu, C. G. Liu, B. H. Zhang, and B. Zhang, "A double-sided rectenna design for RF energy harvesting," in 2015 IEEE International Wireless Symposium (IWS 2015), 2015, pp. 1–4.
K. Shafique et al., "Energy harvesting using a low-cost rectenna for Internet of Things (IoT) applications," IEEE access, vol. 6, pp. 30932–30941, 2018.
F.-J. Huang, T.-C. Yo, C.-M. Lee, and C.-H. Luo, "Design of circular polarization antenna with harmonic suppression for rectenna application," IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett, vol. 11, pp. 592–595, 2012.
M. Wagih, G. S. Hilton, A. S. Weddell, and S. Beeby, "2.4 GHz wearable textile antenna/rectenna for simultaneous information and power transfer," in 2021 15th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2021, pp. 1–5.
M. Fu, T. Zhang, X. Zhu, and C. Ma, "A 13.56 MHz wireless power transfer system without impedance matching networks," in 2013 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), 2013, pp. 222–225.
C. Liu, Y. Zhang, and X. Liu, "Circularly polarized implantable antenna for 915 MHz ISM-band far-field wireless power transmission," IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 373–376, 2018.
Q. Hui, K. Jin, and X. Zhu, "Directional radiation technique for maximum receiving power in microwave power transmission system," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 6376–6386, 2019.
K. W. Choi et al., "Toward realization of long-range wireless-powered sensor networks," IEEE Wirel Commun, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 184–192, 2019.
Y.-J. Park, "Next-Generation Wireless Charging Systems for Mobile Devices," Energies, vol. 15, no. 9. MDPI, p. 3119, 2022.
Q. Tan, Y. Qu, K. Xu, H. Wang, D. Wang, and M. Shen, "Interference-aware lifetime maximization with joint routing and charging in wireless sensor networks," CCF Transactions on Networking, vol. 2, no. 3–4, pp. 188–206, 2019.
G. Monti et al., "EMC and EMI issues of WPT systems for wearable and implantable devices," IEEE Electromagn Compat Mag, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 67–77, 2018.
M. A. Ullah, R. Keshavarz, M. Abolhasan, J. Lipman, K. P. Esselle, and N. Shariati, "A review on antenna technologies for ambient rf energy harvesting and wireless power transfer: Designs, challenges and applications," IEEE Access, 2022.
M. F. Mahmood, S. L. Mohammed, and S. K. Gharghan, "Free battery-based energy harvesting techniques for medical devices," in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, vol. 745, no. 1, p. 012094.
M. F. Mahmood, S. K. Gharghan, S. L. Mohammed, A. Al-Naji, and J. Chahl, "Design of powering wireless medical sensor based on spiral-spider coils," Designs (Basel), vol. 5, no. 4, p. 59, 2021.
J.-P. Curty, N. Joehl, F. Krummenacher, C. Dehollain, and M. J. Declercq, "A model for/spl mu/-power rectifier analysis and design," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 2771–2779, 2005.
D. Seabury, "An update on SAR standards and the basic requirements for SAR assessment," Feature Article, Conformity, pp. 1–8, 2005.
S. Kovar, I. Spano, G. Gatto, J. Valouch, and M. Adamek, "SAR evaluation of wireless antenna on implanted cardiac pacemaker," J Electromagn Waves Appl, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 627–635, 2017.
H. M. Madjar, "Human radio frequency exposure limits: An update of reference levels in Europe, USA, Canada, China, Japan and Korea," in 2016 International symposium on electromagnetic compatibility-EMC EUROPE, 2016, pp. 467–473.
Article Metrics
Metrics powered by PLOS ALM
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 National Research and Innovation Agency
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Email this article 
