Polyaniline as Novel Polymer Materials for Dry Electrode- Based Electrocardiography (ECG)
Abstract
Electrocardiography (ECG) has been instrumental for early detection of cardiovascular anomalies. In this research, we successfully prototyped and evaluated the performance of a novel dry electrode as ECG sensor. Copper was selected as dry electrode material due to its good balance between conductivity and affordability. Polyaniline was used as a conductive coating to facilitate the conversion of ionic currents from the human body into electrical currents in electronic circuits. The coating was carried out via electrodeposition technique. Optimal electrodeposition time of 20 min using acetic acid as a dopant was established. This yields in the dry electrode with comparable performance to the certified wet electrode currently available in the market, shown by PQRST signal correlation between dry electrodes (this study) and the wet electrode (benchmark) which is close to zero. The dry electrode prototyped in this study is characterized to have a conductivity of 7 x 10 -4 S/mm, a resistance of 10 Ω, capacitive reactance of 140 Ω, and excellent signal stability showing a value of 256.5 μV consistently for 2 hours.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
L. Riley and M. Cowan, Noncommunicable Disease (NCD) Country Profiles, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.
J. Arnlov, et al., “Impact of body mass index and the metabolic syndrome on the risk of cardiovascular disease and death in middle-aged men,” AHA J., vol.121, pp. 230-236, Jan. 2010. Crossref
E. G. Wilmot, et al., “Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis,” Diabetologia, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 2895-2905, Aug. 2012. Crossref
L. Erhardt, “Cigarette smoking: An undertreated risk factor for cardiovascular disease,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 205, pp. 23-32,Jul. 2009. Crossref
Prospective Studies Collaboration, “Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies,” The Lancet, vol. 373, no. 9669, pp. 1083-1096, Mar. 2009. Crossref
G. Schillaci, et al., “A review of the role of electrocardiography in the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension,” J. Electrocardiology, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 617-623, Nov 2012. Crossref
M. AlGhatrif, et al., “A brief review: history to understand fundamentals of electrocardiography,” J. Community Hosp.Intern. Med. Perspect., vol. 2, pp. 14383-14388, Apr. 2012. Crossref
D. Pewsner, et al., “Accuracy of electrocardiography in diagnosis of left ventricular Hypertrophy in arterial hypertension,” BMJ, vol. 335, pp. 711-719, Jul. 2007. Crossref
Wikipedia. (2017) Electrocardiography. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography
J. R. Schofield, “Electrocardiogram signal quality comparison between a dry electrode and a standard wet electrode over a period of extend wear,” M.S. Thesis, College Education Human Services, Cleveland State Univ., 2012.
C. T. Lin, et al., “Novel dry polymer foam electrodes for longterm EEG measurement,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 1200–1207, May 2011. Crossref
L. Beckmann, et al., “Characterization of textile electrodes and conductors using standardized measurement setups,” Physiol Meas., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 233-247, Jan. 2010. Crossref
J. G. Webster, Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, 3rd ed. Hoboken, New York: Wiley, 1998.
R. Balint, N. J. Cassidy, and S. H. Cartmell, "Conductive polymers: Towards a smart biomaterial for tissue engineering," Acta Biomater., vol. 10, pp. 2341-2353, Jun. 2014. Crossref
G. Kaur, R. Adhikari, P. Cass, M. Bown, and P. Gunatillake, "Electrically conductive polymers and composites for biomedical applications," RSC Adv., vol. 5, pp. 37553-37567,
Y. Zare and I. Shabani, "Polymer/metal nanocomposites for biomedical applications," Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Applicat., vol. 60, pp. 195-203, March 2016. Crossref
L. S. Hsu, et al., “Developing barbed microtip-based electrode arrays for biopotential measurement,” Sensors, vol 14, pp 12370-12386, Jul. 2014. Crossref
M. R. Neuman, “Biopotential amplifiers,” in Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, pp 241-292, Feb 2008.
E. S. Nugroho, et al., “Pengenalan pola sinyal elektrokardiograf (EKG) dengan jaringan syaraf tiruan backpropagation untuk diagnosa kelainan jantung manusia,” Undergraduate Thesis, Electrical Eng. Dept., Diponegoro Univ., Semarang, Jan. 2011.
S. Karim, et al., “EKG dan penanggulangan beberapa penyakit jantung untuk dokter umum,” FKUI Press, 1996.
J. A. Akinsanya, “Principles of Biomedical Engineering for Nursing Staff,” J. Advanced Nursing, vol. 20, pp. 779, 1994. Crossref
A. N. Bakpas, et al., “Identifikasi karakter temporal dan potensial listrik statis pada elektrokardiografi (EKG) akibat penyakit otot jantung myocardial infarction (MI),” Undergraduate Thesis, Physic Dept., Hasanuddin Univ.,Makassar, Aug. 2014.
M. R. Neuman, “Biopotential electrodes,” in Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, pp 189-240, Feb. 2008.
C. T. Lin, et al., “Noninvasive neural prostheses using mobile and wireless EEG,” in Proc. IEEE, vol. 96, pp. 1167-1183, Jul.2008. Crossref
G. Medrano, et al., “Skin electrode impedance of textile electrodes for bioimpedance spectroscopy,” in Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Elect. Bioimpedance and the 8th Conf. Elect. Impedance Tomography, 2007, vol. 17, pp. 260-263. Crossref
B. Sitorus, et al., “Sintesis polimer konduktif sebagai bahan baku untuk perangkat penyimpanan energi,” ELKHA J., vol 3, pp 43-47, Mar 2011.
L. J. Durney, Electroplating Engineering Handbook, 4th Ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., pp 364, 1984.
E. Sutadi. (2015). Bahan-bahan Listrik [Online]. Available: http://www.academia.edu/5727777/bahanbahan_listrik_Bahan_Penghantar
P. T. Bray, et al., “Sweat testing for cystic fibrosis,” Arch. Dis. Child., vol 53, pp 483-486, 1978.
O. Mickelsen, and A. Keys, “The composition of Sweat, with special reference to the vitamins,” M.S. Thesis, Physiological Dept., Minnesota Univ., May 1943.
EEG-SMT Development Board User’s Manual, OLIMEX Ltd, 2011.
BrainBay - User Manual, ver. 1.9, BrainBay Ltd, 2014.
Article Metrics
Metrics powered by PLOS ALM
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2018 National Research and Innovation Agency
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.